**Figure 1**

*Read in Dataset*

*add path where file is saved
use "path\ndx_interpolated_Iran.dta"

*Visualization
twoway (line ndx5_interpol__divided100000 age if year==2000 & age>19 & gender==0 & country == "Iran") (line ndx5_interpol__divided100000 age if year==2015 & age>19 & gender==0 & country == "Iran")

*** All other figures and Tables with this dataset***
*Read in Dataset (add path where file is saved)*
use "path\dataset_SCID.dta"

*gen panel var*
gen country_sex = cname + sex
encode country_sex, gen (n_country_sex)
xtset n_country_sex year

**Figure 2**
twoway (scatter sd_20_M log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 if sample == 1, msymbol(o) msize(vsmall))(lowess sd_20_M log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 if sample == 1) (scatter sd_20_F log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 if sample == 1, msymbol(o) msize(vsmall))(lowess sd_20_F log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 if sample == 1)

**Figure 3**
graph box sd_20_M sd_20_F if year == 2000 & cname != "Bahamas" & cname != "Belize" & cname != "Brunei" & cname != "Grenada" & cname != "Kiribati" & cname != "Korea, North" & cname != "Micronesia" & cname != "Rwanda" & cname != "Samoa" & cname != "Seychelles" & cname != "Somalia" & cname != "St Lucia" & cname != "St Vincent and the Grenadines" & cname != "Syria" & cname != "Tonga", over (tercile_vdem_avg) b1title("Terciles of Average Liberal Component Index") mark(1,  msize (small) msymbol(o)) mark(2, mlabel (cname) msize (small) msymbol(o)) yscale(range(10 22)) ylabel(#10) saving(boxplot2000)

graph box sd_20_M sd_20_F if sample == 1 & year == 2015, over (tercile_vdem_avg) b1title("Terciles of Average Liberal Component Index") mark(1,  msize (small) msymbol(o)) mark(2, mlabel (cname) msize (small) msymbol(o)) yscale(range(10 22)) ylabel(#10) saving(boxplot2015)

graph combine boxplot2000.gph boxplot2015.gph

**Figure 4 generated in Tableau with sd_20_M for selected countries at each tercile**

**Table 1**
*Summary Statistics - All years*
sum sd_20_M sd_20_F vdem_liberal van_part wdi_unempmilo wdi_unempfilo wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m gea_ea3544f log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem who_lef if sample == 1 | sample_f == 1

**Table 2**

*Model 1*
xtdpdgmm L(0/1).sd_20_M vdem_liberal _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016 if samplextdpdgmm == 1, gmm(L.sd_20_M, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(vdem_liberal, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(L.sd_20_M vdem_liberal _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, lagrange (0 0) collapse difference model(level)) twostep vce(robust) overid

*Model 2*
xtdpdgmm L(0/1).sd_20_M wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016 if sample == 1, gmm(L.sd_20_M, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(L.sd_20_M wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, lagrange (0 0) collapse difference model(level)) twostep vce(robust) overid

*Model 3*
xtdpdgmm L(0/1).sd_20_M vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, gmm(L.sd_20_M, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(L.sd_20_M vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, lagrange (0 0) collapse difference model(level)) twostep vce(robust) overid

*Model 4*
xtdpdgmm L(0/1).sd_20_F vdem_liberal _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016 if samplextdpdgmm == 1, gmm(L.sd_20_F, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(vdem_liberal, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(L.sd_20_F vdem_liberal _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, lagrange (0 0) collapse difference model(level)) twostep vce(robust) overid

*Model 5*
xtdpdgmm L(0/1).sd_20_F wdi_unempfilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544f log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lef _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016 if samplextdpdgmm == 1, gmm(L.sd_20_F, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm( wdi_unempfilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544f log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lef, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(L.sd_20_F wdi_unempfilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544f log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lef _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, lagrange (0 0) collapse difference model(level)) twostep vce(robust) overid

*Model 6*
xtdpdgmm L(0/1).sd_20_F vdem_liberal wdi_unempfilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544f log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lef _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, gmm(L.sd_20_F, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(vdem_liberal wdi_unempfilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544f log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lef, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(L.sd_20_F vdem_liberal wdi_unempfilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544f log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lef _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, lagrange (0 0) collapse difference model(level)) twostep vce(robust) overid

**Table 3**

*Reference Model*
xtdpdgmm L(0/1).sd_20_M vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016 if sample_mm == 1 , gmm(L.sd_20_M, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(L.sd_20_M vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, lagrange (0 0) collapse difference model(level)) twostep vce(robust) overid

*Model 1*
xtdpdgmm L(0/1).sd_20_M vdem_liberal log_Male_Injuries_Rate wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016 if sample_mm == 1, gmm(L.sd_20_M, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(vdem_liberal log_Male_Injuries_Rate wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(L.sd_20_M vdem_liberal log_Male_Injuries_Rate wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, lagrange (0 0) collapse difference model(level)) twostep vce(robust) overid

*Model 2*
xtdpdgmm L(0/1).sd_20_M vdem_liberal log_Males_CD_Rate wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016 if sample_mm == 1, gmm(L.sd_20_M, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(vdem_liberal log_Males_CD_Rate wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(L.sd_20_M vdem_liberal log_Males_CD_Rate wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, lagrange (0 0) collapse difference model(level)) twostep vce(robust) overid

*Model 3*
xtdpdgmm L(0/1).sd_20_F vdem_liberal log_Female_Injuries_Rate  wdi_unempfilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544f log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lef _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016 if sample_mm == 1, gmm(L.sd_20_F, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(vdem_liberal log_Female_Injuries_Rate  wdi_unempfilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544f log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lef, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(L.sd_20_F vdem_liberal log_Female_Injuries_Rate wdi_unempfilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544f log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lef _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, lagrange (0 0) collapse difference model(level)) twostep vce(robust) overid

*Model 4*
xtdpdgmm L(0/1).sd_20_F vdem_liberal log_Females_CD_Rate  wdi_unempfilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544f log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lef _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016 if sample_mm == 1, gmm(L.sd_20_F, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(vdem_liberal log_Females_CD_Rate  wdi_unempfilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544f log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lef, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(L.sd_20_F vdem_liberal log_Females_CD_Rate  wdi_unempfilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544f log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lef _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, lagrange (0 0) collapse difference model(level)) twostep vce(robust) overid

*Model 5*
xtdpdgmm L(0/1).sd_20_F vdem_liberal log_who_matmort wdi_unempfilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544f log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lef _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016 if sample_mm == 1, gmm(L.sd_20_F, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(vdem_liberal log_who_matmort wdi_unempfilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544f log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lef, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(L.sd_20_F vdem_liberal log_who_matmort wdi_unempfilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544f log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lef _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, lagrange (0 0) collapse difference model(level)) twostep vce(robust) overid


**Appendix**

*Figure A2*
*Left Panel*

xtdpdgmm L(0/1).sd_20_M vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, gmm(L.sd_20_M, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(L.sd_20_M vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, lagrange (0 0) collapse difference model(level)) twostep vce(robust) overid
local i = 1
foreach lag in 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15{
      quietly xtdpdgmm L(0/1).sd_20_M vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, gmm(L.sd_20_M, lagrange (2 `lag') collapse model(diff)) gmm(vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem, lagrange (2 `lag') collapse model(diff)) gmm(L.sd_20_M vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, lagrange (0 0) collapse difference model(level)) twostep vce(robust) overid
     estimates store lag`i'
	 loc `++i'
   }
   
 ** plotting from 2 to 15 lags **  
coefplot lag1, bylabel("2") || lag2, bylabel("2-3") || lag3, bylabel("2-3") || lag4, bylabel("2-5") || lag5, bylabel("2-6") || lag6, bylabel("2-7") || lag7, bylabel("2-8") || lag8, bylabel("2-9") || lag9, bylabel("2-10") || lag10, bylabel("2-11") || lag11, bylabel("2-12") || lag12, bylabel("2-13") || lag13, bylabel("2-14") || lag13, bylabel("2-15") drop(_cons L.sd_20_M wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000 _Iyeara2001 _Iyeara2002 _Iyeara2003 _Iyeara2004 _Iyeara2005 _Iyeara2006 _Iyeara2007 _Iyeara2008 _Iyeara2009 _Iyeara2010 _Iyeara2011 _Iyeara2012 _Iyeara2013 _Iyeara2014) yline(0) bycoefs byopts(xrescale) vertical title("Level Lags as Instruments for First-Differenced Equation", size(small)) saving (diff1_lags)

**Table A2**

*Lags 2*
xtdpdgmm L(0/1).sd_20_M vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, gmm(L.sd_20_M, lagrange (2 2) collapse model(diff)) gmm(vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem, lagrange (2 2) collapse model(diff)) iv(L.sd_20_M vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, difference) twostep vce(robust) overid

estat overid, difference

*Lags 2-3*
xtdpdgmm L(0/1).sd_20_M vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, gmm(L.sd_20_M, lagrange (2 3) collapse model(diff)) gmm(vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem, lagrange (2 3) collapse model(diff)) iv(L.sd_20_M vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, difference) twostep vce(robust) overid

estat overid, difference

*Lags 2-4*
xtdpdgmm L(0/1).sd_20_M vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, gmm(L.sd_20_M, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) iv(L.sd_20_M vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, difference) twostep vce(robust) overid

estat overid, difference

*Lags 2-5*
xtdpdgmm L(0/1).sd_20_M vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, gmm(L.sd_20_M, lagrange (2 5) collapse model(diff)) gmm(vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem, lagrange (2 5) collapse model(diff)) iv(L.sd_20_M vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, difference) twostep vce(robust) overid

estat overid, difference

**Table A3**

*First Difference*
xtdpdgmm L(0/1).sd_20_M vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, gmm(L.sd_20_M, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo  wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(L.sd_20_M vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, lagrange (0 0) collapse difference model(level)) twostep vce(robust) overid

estat overid, difference

*First Diff and First Lag of Diff*
xtdpdgmm L(0/1).sd_20_M vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, gmm(L.sd_20_M, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo  wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(L.sd_20_M vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, lagrange (0 1) collapse difference model(level)) twostep vce(robust) overid

estat overid, difference

**Table A4**
xtdpdgmm L(0/1).sd_20_M vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, gmm(L.sd_20_M, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(L.sd_20_M vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, lagrange (0 0) collapse difference model(level)) twostep vce(robust) overid

estat serial

**Table A5**

*onestep*
xtdpdgmm L(0/1).sd_20_M vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, gmm(L.sd_20_M, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(L.sd_20_M vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, lagrange (0 0) collapse difference model(level)) onestep

*Iterated*
xtdpdgmm L(0/1).sd_20_M vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, gmm(L.sd_20_M, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(L.sd_20_M vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, lagrange (0 0) collapse difference model(level)) igmm

**Table A6**

*Model 1*
xtdpdgmm L(0/1).sd_20_M vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016 if sample2 == 1, gmm(L.sd_20_M, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(L.sd_20_M vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, lagrange (0 0) collapse difference model(level)) twostep vce(robust) overid

*Model 2*
xtdpdgmm L(0/1).sd_20_M vdem_liberal log_gvt_health_spend_pc wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, gmm(L.sd_20_M, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(vdem_liberal log_gvt_health_spend_pc wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(L.sd_20_M vdem_liberal log_gvt_health_spend_pc wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, lagrange (0 0) collapse difference model(level)) twostep vce(robust) overid

**Table A7**

*Model 1*
xtdpdgmm L(0/1).sd_20_M vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016 if sample3 == 1, gmm(L.sd_20_M, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(L.sd_20_M vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, lagrange (0 0) collapse difference model(level)) twostep vce(robust) overid

*Model 2*
xtdpdgmm L(0/1).sd_20_M vdem_liberal wdi_trade  wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, gmm(L.sd_20_M, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(vdem_liberal wdi_trade wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(L.sd_20_M vdem_liberal wdi_trade wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, lagrange (0 0) collapse difference model(level)) twostep vce(robust) overid

**Table A8**

*Model 1*
xtdpdgmm L(0/1).sd_20_M v2x_cspart wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, gmm(L.sd_20_M, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(v2x_cspart wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(L.sd_20_M v2x_cspart wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, lagrange (0 0) collapse difference model(level)) twostep vce(robust) overid

*Model 2*
reg sd_20_M v2x_cspart
predict res, r
xtdpdgmm L(0/1).res vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, gmm(L.res, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(L.res vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, lagrange (0 0) collapse difference model(level)) twostep vce(robust) overid

*Model 3*
reg sd_20_M vdem_liberal
predict res_1, r
xtdpdgmm L(0/1).res_1 v2x_cspart wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, gmm(L.res_1, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(v2x_cspart wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(L.res_1 v2x_cspart wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, lagrange (0 0) collapse difference model(level)) twostep vce(robust) overid

*Model 4*
xtdpdgmm L(0/1).sd_20_F  v2x_cspart wdi_unempfilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544f log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lef _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, gmm(L.sd_20_F, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm( v2x_cspart wdi_unempfilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544f log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lef, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(L.sd_20_F  v2x_cspart wdi_unempfilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544f log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lef _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, lagrange (0 0) collapse difference model(level)) twostep vce(robust) overid

*Model 5*
reg sd_20_F v2x_cspart
predict resf, r
xtdpdgmm L(0/1).resf vdem_liberal wdi_unempfilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544f log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lef _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, gmm(L.resf, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(vdem_liberal wdi_unempfilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544f log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lef, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(L.resf vdem_liberal wdi_unempfilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544f log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lef _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, lagrange (0 0) collapse difference model(level)) twostep vce(robust) overid

*Model 6*
reg sd_20_F vdem_liberal
predict resf1, r
xtdpdgmm L(0/1).resf1 v2x_cspart wdi_unempfilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544f log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lef _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, gmm(L.resf1, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(v2x_cspart wdi_unempfilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544f log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lef, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(L.resf1 v2x_cspart wdi_unempfilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544f log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lef _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, lagrange (0 0) collapse difference model(level)) twostep vce(robust) overid

**Table A9**

*Model 1 - Males*
xtdpdgmm L(0/1).sd_20_Mn vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, gmm(L.sd_20_Mn, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(L.sd_20_Mn vdem_liberal wdi_unempmilo van_part wdi_poprul gea_ea3544m log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lem _Iyeara2000-_Iyeara2016, lagrange (0 0) collapse difference model(level)) twostep vce(robust) overid

*Model 2 - Females*
xtdpdgmm L(0/1).sd_20_Fn vdem_liberal wdi_unempfilo wdi_poprul gea_ea3544f log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lef van_part _Iyeara2001-_Iyeara2016, gmm(L.sd_20_Fn, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(vdem_liberal wdi_unempfilo wdi_poprul gea_ea3544f log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lef van_part, lagrange (2 4) collapse model(diff)) gmm(L.sd_20_Fn vdem_liberal wdi_unempfilo wdi_poprul gea_ea3544f log_wdi_gdpcapcon2010 who_lef van_part _Iyeara2001-_Iyeara2016, lagrange (0 0) collapse difference model(level)) twostep vce(robust) overid